HELLP Syndrome

HELLP Syndrome

The name HELLP stands for:

* H- hemolysis ( breakdown of red blood cells)
* EL- elevated liver enzymes (liver function)
* LP- low platelets counts (platelets help the blood clot)

It is often assumed that HELLP Syndrome will always occur in connection with preeclampsia, but there are times when the symptoms of HELLP will occur without a diagnosis of preeclampsia being made. About 4-12% of women with diagnosed preeclampsia will develop HELLP syndrome. Unfortunately since the symptoms of HELLP syndrome may be the first sign of preeclampsia, this is what can often lead to a misdiagnoses. The symptoms of HELLP may cause misdiagnoses of other conditions such as hepatitis, gallbladder disease, or idiopathic/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP, which is a bleeding disorder.)

Symptoms of HELLP Syndrome :

The most common symptoms of HELLP syndrome include:

* Headaches
* Nausea and vomiting that continue to get worse (this may also feel like a serious case of the flu.)
* Upper right abdominal pain or tenderness
* Fatigue or malaise

A woman with HELLP may experience other symptoms that often can be attributed to other things such as normal pregnancy concerns or other pregnancy conditions. These symptoms may include:

* Visual disturbances
* High blood pressure
* Protein in urine
* Edema (swelling)
* Severe headaches
* Bleeding.

How is HELLP Syndrome Diagnosed ?

Because the symptoms of HELP can mimic many other conditions or complications, it is encouraged that physicians run a series of blood tests, including liver function, on any woman experiencing symptoms during the third trimester of pregnancy. HELLP syndrome may occur before the third trimester but it is rare. It also may occur within 48 hours of delivery, although symptoms may take up to 7 days to be evident.

Blood pressure measurements and urine tests to check for protein are often monitored when diagnosing HELLP syndrome. But the following tests and results are what help a physician to make an accurate diagnosis of HELLP Syndrome:

Hemolysis -Red blood bells

* Abnormal peripheral smear
* Lacatate dehydrogenase >600 U/L
* Bilirubin > 1.2 mg/dl

Elevated liver Enzyme levels

* Serum aspartate amniotransferase >70 U/L
* Lacatate dehydrogenase >600 U/L

Low Platelets

* Platelet count <100,000/mm (low platelet counts seems to be the best indicator of a true HELLP syndrome diagnoses.)

How is HELLP Syndrome Treated ?

The treatment of HELLP Syndrome is primarily based on the gestation of the pregnancy, but delivery of the baby is the best way to stop this condition from causing any serious complications for mom and baby. Most symptoms and side effects of HELLP will subside within 2-3 days of delivery.

If the pregnancy is less than 34 weeks gestation, doctors usually try to evaluate lung function of baby to see how well delivery would be handled.

Treatment’s that may be used to manage HELLP until baby is delivered include:

* Bed rest and admission into a medical facility to be monitored closely
* Corticosteroid ( to help babies lungs develop more rapidly)
* Magnesium Sulfate ( to help prevent seizures)
* Blood transfusion if platelet count gets too low
* Blood pressure medication
* Fetal monitoring and tests including biophysical tests, sonograms, non stress tests and fetal movement evaluation

If pregnancy is over 34 weeks gestation or the symptoms of HELLP begin to worsen, delivery is the recommended course of treatment.

In the past, Cesarean delivery was the most common way for delivery of babies whose moms were dealing with HELLP syndrome. But it is now recommended that women, who are at least 34 weeks gestation and have a favorable cervix, should be given a “trial of labor” (TOL). HELLP syndrome does not cause reason for an automatic cesarean and in some situations, operative surgery may cause more complications due to the possibility of blood clotting problems related to low platelet counts. If a cesarean delivery is necessary and the platelet count is <75,000, general anesthesia will likely be recommended.

What Causes HELLP Syndrome ?

Doctors are still unclear on what exactly causes HELLP syndrome. Although it is more common in women who have preeclampsia or pregnancy induced hypertension, there are still a number of women who get it without previously showing signs of preeclampsia.

The following is a list of factors that are believed to increase the risk of a woman developing HELLP syndrome:

* Previous pregnancy with HELLP Syndrome (19-27% chance of recurrence in each pregnancy)
* Preeclampsia or pregnancy induced hypertension
* Women over the age of 25
* Caucasian
* Multiparous (given birth two or more times)

What are the Risks and Complications of HELLP Syndrome?

If HELLP syndrome is undiagnosed or untreated, it can result in life threatening complications for both mother and baby. The most serious complications and risks of HELLP syndrome include:

* Placental Abruption
* Pulmonary Edema ( fluid buildup in the lungs)
* Diseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC—blood clotting problems that result in hemorrhage)
* Adult Respiratory distress syndrome (lung failure)
* Ruptured liver hematoma
* Acute renal failure
* Intrauterine Growth restriction (IUGR)
* Infant respiratory Distress syndrome (lung failure)
* Blood transfusion

The maternal mortality rate is about 1.1% with HELLP syndrome. The infant morbidity and mortality rate is anywhere from 10-60% depending on many factors such as gestation of pregnancy, severity of symptoms and the promptness of treatment.

How can HELLP Syndrome be Prevented ?